Bandingkan kaedah

	Model Perambatan Penjejakan Sinar	Multipleks Frekuensi Pembawa Ortogonal (OFDM)
Bidang	Telekomunikasi	Telekomunikasi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1993	1971
Pengasas	Maciel, Bertoni, and Xia	Weinstein and Ebert
Jenis	deterministic propagation algorithm	multicarrier modulation scheme
Sumber perintis	Maciel, T. F., Bertoni, H. L., & Xia, H. H. (1993). Unified approach to prediction of propagation over buildings for all ranges of frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 42(1), 41-45.	Weinstein, S. B., & Ebert, P. M. (1971). Data transmission by frequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, 19(5), 628-634.
Alias	deterministic propagation, site-specific modeling	multicarrier modulation
Berkaitan	4	5
Ringkasan	Ray tracing is a deterministic propagation modeling technique for predicting electromagnetic field strength at specific locations. Instead of empirical formulas (like Okumura-Hata), ray tracing traces paths of electromagnetic energy as it reflects, diffracts, and scatters off buildings and terrain. With accurate 3D geometry and material properties, ray tracing predicts site-specific path loss, multipath delay profiles, and angle of arrival, making it ideal for detailed coverage planning, interference analysis, and system design. Ray tracing is now standard in professional cellular planning tools.	OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique that divides a wideband channel into many narrowband orthogonal subcarriers. Introduced by Weinstein and Ebert in 1971, it exploits the duality between time and frequency domains to efficiently use spectrum while mitigating intersymbol interference in frequency-selective channels. OFDM is now the standard for high-speed wireless systems including WiFi, cellular LTE, and digital broadcasting.