Bandingkan kaedah

	Model Perambatan Penjejakan Sinar	Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Bidang	Telekomunikasi	Telekomunikasi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1993	1995
Pengasas	Maciel, Bertoni, and Xia	Telatar, Foschini, and Gans
Jenis	deterministic propagation algorithm	spatial multiplexing technique
Sumber perintis	Maciel, T. F., Bertoni, H. L., & Xia, H. H. (1993). Unified approach to prediction of propagation over buildings for all ranges of frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 42(1), 41-45.	Telatar, I. (1999). Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels. European Transactions on Telecommunications, 10(6), 585-595.
Alias	deterministic propagation, site-specific modeling	spatial multiplexing, antenna diversity
Berkaitan	4	5
Ringkasan	Ray tracing is a deterministic propagation modeling technique for predicting electromagnetic field strength at specific locations. Instead of empirical formulas (like Okumura-Hata), ray tracing traces paths of electromagnetic energy as it reflects, diffracts, and scatters off buildings and terrain. With accurate 3D geometry and material properties, ray tracing predicts site-specific path loss, multipath delay profiles, and angle of arrival, making it ideal for detailed coverage planning, interference analysis, and system design. Ray tracing is now standard in professional cellular planning tools.	MIMO is a technique that uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to significantly increase channel capacity and reliability. Pioneered theoretically by Telatar (1999) and Foschini & Gans (1998), MIMO exploits multipath propagation—typically a liability in wireless—as an asset by creating independent spatial channels. It is now fundamental to all modern wireless systems including LTE, WiFi-6, and 5G, where it provides both capacity gains through spatial multiplexing and robustness through diversity.