Bandingkan kaedah

	Padanan Skor Kecenderungan dalam Penyelidikan Pendidikan	Penganggar Padanan
Bidang	Inferens Kausal	Inferens Kausal
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	1983 (foundational); education adoption widespread from late 1990s	1973
Pengasas	Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983); widely adopted in education research via Shadish, Cook & Campbell (2002)	Rubin (1973); large-sample theory by Abadie & Imbens (2006)
Jenis	Quasi-experimental / matching-based causal inference	Nonparametric matching / causal inference
Sumber perintis	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.	Abadie, A., & Imbens, G. W. (2006). Large Sample Properties of Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects. Econometrica, 74(1), 235-267.
Alias	PSM in education, educational PSM, PSM for program evaluation in schools, propensity matching education	nearest-neighbor matching, NNM, matching on covariates, covariate matching
Berkaitan	5	6
Ringkasan	Propensity Score Matching (PSM) in education research is a quasi-experimental technique that creates comparable treatment and control groups from observational student, teacher, or school data. By balancing groups on observed background characteristics, it enables credible causal estimates of educational interventions — such as tutoring programs, school choice policies, or teacher professional development — when random assignment is infeasible.	The matching estimator identifies the causal effect of a treatment by pairing each treated unit with one or more untreated units that have similar observed characteristics. Formalised by Rubin (1973) and given rigorous large-sample theory by Abadie and Imbens (2006), it constructs a credible control group from observational data without requiring a parametric model for the outcome.