Bandingkan kaedah

	Kajian Ekologi Pragmatik	Kajian Kohort
Bidang	Epidemiologi	Epidemiologi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1967–1982 (pragmatic concept 1967; ecological study formalized ~1982)	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)
Pengasas	Morgenstern (ecological study framework); Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic design concept)	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)
Jenis	Observational ecological study with pragmatic framing	Observational longitudinal study design
Sumber perintis	Morgenstern, H. (1982). Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. American Journal of Public Health, 72(12), 1336–1344.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
Alias	real-world ecological study, effectiveness ecological study, population-level pragmatic study, pragmatic ecologic design	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study
Berkaitan	5	6
Ringkasan	A pragmatic ecological study is an observational epidemiological design that examines associations between exposures and outcomes at the population or group level — using routinely collected, real-world data — with the explicit goal of informing practical public health decisions under everyday conditions. Rather than controlling every variable in a laboratory-like manner, it embraces the complexity and heterogeneity of natural settings to answer effectiveness questions relevant to policy.	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.