Bandingkan kaedah

	Reka Bentuk Eksperimen Kumpulan Kawalan Pragmatik	Reka Bentuk Eksperimen Kumpulan Kawalan Faktorial
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Eksperimen	Reka Bentuk Eksperimen
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1967 (seminal distinction); 2009 (PRECIS operationalization)	1926–1935
Pengasas	Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic vs explanatory distinction); extended by PRECIS framework (Thorpe et al.)	Ronald A. Fisher
Jenis	Experimental design (pragmatic variant)	Experimental design
Sumber perintis	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Fisher, R. A. (1935). The Design of Experiments. Oliver and Boyd.
Alias	pragmatic controlled trial, effectiveness trial with control group, real-world control group design, pragmatic comparative design	factorial controlled experiment, factorial design with control, factorial RCT with control arm, multi-factor controlled experiment
Berkaitan	6	6
Ringkasan	A pragmatic control group experimental design tests whether an intervention works under routine, real-world conditions by comparing it against a control condition — typically usual care or an active comparator — rather than a tightly controlled placebo. It prioritises external validity and applicability over the internal purity of an explanatory efficacy trial, asking whether an intervention makes a meaningful difference to people as they are actually treated in practice.	A factorial control group experimental design crosses two or more independent variables (factors) in a fully factorial structure while including at least one condition that serves as a no-treatment or standard-treatment control. This allows researchers to simultaneously estimate the main effect of each factor, their interactions, and the size of those effects relative to a meaningful baseline, maximising both causal precision and experimental efficiency.