Bandingkan kaedah
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| Siri Kes Pragmatik× | Siri kes retrospektif× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Epidemiologi | Epidemiologi |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | Pragmatic framing formalized 1967; case series practice predates 20th century | Long-standing practice; codified in EBM frameworks during 1990s–2000s |
| Pengasas≠ | Pragmatic framework: Schwartz & Lellouch (1967); case series design: longstanding clinical tradition | Clinical medicine tradition (no single originator); formalized in evidence-based medicine literature |
| Jenis≠ | Observational descriptive study | Observational descriptive study design |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648. DOI ↗ | Kooistra, B., Dijkman, B., Einhorn, T. A., & Bhandari, M. (2009). How to design a good case series. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 91(Suppl 3), 21–26. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | real-world case series, pragmatic observational case series, practice-based case series | retrospective case series, chart review case series, historical case series, medical records case series |
| Berkaitan≠ | 5 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | A pragmatic case series is an observational study that documents consecutive or purposively selected patients receiving a clinical intervention or presenting with a condition under routine, real-world practice conditions — without randomization, a control group, or the highly controlled eligibility criteria characteristic of explanatory trials. It is used to describe treatment patterns, outcomes, and adverse events as they occur in everyday clinical settings. | A retrospective case series is an observational study that systematically describes the clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of a defined group of patients by examining pre-existing medical records or administrative data. It looks backward in time — data have already been recorded before the study begins. With no control group, no randomization, and no prospective follow-up, it sits near the base of the evidence hierarchy but remains one of the most practical and frequently published study designs in clinical medicine. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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