Bandingkan kaedah

	Fungsi Butiran Berbeza Polytomous (Polytomous DIF)	Ujian Kemeruapan Pengukuran
Bidang	Psikometrik	Psikometrik
Keluarga	Latent structure	Latent structure
Tahun asal	1990s–2000s	2000
Pengasas	Bruno D. Zumbo and colleagues (ordinal logistic regression framework); Robert D. Ankenmann, Hariharan Swaminathan and others (IRT-based extensions)	Vandenberg & Lance
Jenis	Measurement fairness / item bias detection	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
Sumber perintis	Zumbo, B. D. (1999). A handbook on the theory and methods of differential item functioning (DIF): Logistic regression modeling as a unitary framework for binary and Likert-type (ordinal) item scores. Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation, Department of National Defense.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
Alias	Polytomous DIF, DIF for polytomous items, ordinal DIF analysis, graded-response DIF	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
Berkaitan	4	3
Ringkasan	Polytomous differential item functioning detects whether a test or survey item with more than two ordered response categories (e.g., Likert-type scales, partial-credit items) functions differently across groups such as gender, ethnicity, or language background, after controlling for the latent trait being measured. It extends classical binary DIF methods to ordinal response formats.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.