Bandingkan kaedah

	Skala Penyertaan Politik	Skala Sinisme Pengundi
Bidang	Psikologi Politik	Psikologi Politik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1995	1960
Pengasas	Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry Brady	Angus Campbell et al.
Jenis	Self-report	Self-report
Sumber perintis	Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.	Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American voter. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Alias	PPCS, Civic Participation Measure, Political Activity Scale	PCS, Political Efficacy Cynicism, Electoral System Cynicism
Berkaitan	3	3
Ringkasan	The Political Participation Scale measures engagement in civic and political activities, encompassing voting, campaign involvement, contacting officials, organizational membership, community volunteering, and protest activity. Developed by Verba, Schlozman, and Brady (1995), the measure captures both conventional participation (voting, contacting representatives) and unconventional participation (protest, civil disobedience). It addresses fundamental questions in political science: Why do some citizens engage while others withdraw? How do structural resources (time, money, education) and psychological factors (efficacy, interest) drive participation?	The Voter Cynicism Scale measures citizen skepticism and disillusionment regarding the political process, including beliefs that the electoral system is rigged, politicians are self-serving, and voting does not matter. The measure captures a pessimistic orientation toward electoral democracy distinct from distrust in institutions (which can coexist with belief in democratic potential) or political alienation. Rooted in Campbell et al.'s American Voter (1960) tradition of measuring political efficacy and cynicism, the scale remains central to understanding voter turnout decline, support for populist alternatives, and democratic legitimacy crises.