Bandingkan kaedah

	Skala Penyertaan Politik	Skala Efikasi Politik
Bidang	Psikologi Politik	Psikologi Politik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1995	1969
Pengasas	Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry Brady	Richard Niemi, Steven Craig, Albert Bandura
Jenis	Self-report	Self-report
Sumber perintis	Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.	Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1407-1413.
Alias	PPCS, Civic Participation Measure, Political Activity Scale	Political Efficacy, Internal Efficacy, External Efficacy
Berkaitan	3	3
Ringkasan	The Political Participation Scale measures engagement in civic and political activities, encompassing voting, campaign involvement, contacting officials, organizational membership, community volunteering, and protest activity. Developed by Verba, Schlozman, and Brady (1995), the measure captures both conventional participation (voting, contacting representatives) and unconventional participation (protest, civil disobedience). It addresses fundamental questions in political science: Why do some citizens engage while others withdraw? How do structural resources (time, money, education) and psychological factors (efficacy, interest) drive participation?	Political efficacy measures sense of personal agency and power in the political system, encompassing both internal efficacy (belief in own political competence and understanding) and external efficacy (belief that the political system is responsive to citizen input). Rooted in Bandura's self-efficacy theory (1977) and developed for political contexts by Niemi, Craig, and colleagues (1969 onwards), the measure explains why some citizens feel empowered to engage in politics while others feel powerless. High-efficacy citizens are substantially more likely to participate, contact representatives, and vote; low-efficacy citizens withdraw from politics and are susceptible to anti-democratic appeals.