Bandingkan kaedah

	Plagiarisme dalam Penyelidikan Akademik	Kriteria Penulis ICMJE
Bidang	Etika Penerbitan	Etika Penerbitan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1989	1978
Pengasas	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and institutional policies	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
Jenis	Standard	Standard
Sumber perintis	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (2023). Definition of Research Misconduct. Federal Policy on Research Misconduct (42 CFR Part 93). ORI.	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE.
Alias	Text Plagiarism, Idea Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism	ICMJE Authorship, Authorship Guidelines
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	Plagiarism—the use of others' words, ideas, or methods without attribution—is formally classified as research misconduct by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and most institutions worldwide. It ranges from verbatim copying of text to paraphrasing without citation to presenting others' ideas as one's own. Unlike accidental omission of a citation (which is corrected via erratum), plagiarism implies intent or gross negligence and triggers investigation, potential retraction, and career consequences. Plagiarism detection tools (e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate) and manual checking by journals now routinely screen manuscripts.	The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) established the most widely adopted authorship standard in biomedical research in 1978. These criteria define who qualifies as an author and distinguish authors from contributors, establishing accountability and preventing disputes over publication credit. Used by over 10,000 journals globally, ICMJE authorship criteria form the foundation of authorship practices in medical, life science, and health-related research.