Bandingkan kaedah

	Fotopletismografi	Variabiliti Kadar Jantung	Model Windkessel
Bidang	Biomekanik	Biomekanik	Biomekanik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1937	1996	1969
Pengasas	Hertzman	Task Force of European Society of Cardiology	Nikolaos Westerhof
Jenis	Optical signal acquisition and analysis pipeline	Time-series and frequency-domain analysis pipeline	Physiological lumped-parameter modeling
Sumber perintis	Allen, J. (2007). Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiology. Physiology & Behavior, 107(4), 540-548.	Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. (1996). Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation, 93(5), 1043-1065.	Westerhof, N., Bosman, F., De Vries, N. C., & Noordergraaf, A. (1969). Analog studies of the human systemic arterial tree. Journal of Biomechanics, 2(2), 121-143.
Alias	PPG, Pulse oximetry, Reflectance photometry	HRV, RR interval analysis, Cardiac variability	Elastic chamber model, Arterial compliance model, Lumped parameter model
Berkaitan	3	3	3
Ringkasan	Photoplethysmography (PPG) measures blood volume changes in tissue using light absorption, providing a non-invasive optical window into cardiovascular dynamics. Originally developed by Hertzman in 1937, PPG is now ubiquitous in pulse oximetry, smartwatches, and research applications for monitoring heart rate, blood oxygenation, and vascular function.	Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis quantifies the variation in time intervals between consecutive heartbeats as a window into autonomic nervous system function and cardiovascular health. Formalized by the European Society of Cardiology Task Force in 1996, HRV metrics are now standard in cardiology, physiology, and sports science for assessing stress, recovery, and disease risk.	The Windkessel model is a lumped-parameter representation of the arterial system that captures the pulsatile dynamics of blood flow and pressure using simple mechanical analogs (resistors and capacitors). Named after the German word for air chamber, it was formalized by Westerhof and colleagues in the late 1960s and remains fundamental to understanding arterial hemodynamics and blood pressure regulation.