Bandingkan kaedah

	Etnografi Institusional Partisipatif	Kajian Tindakan Partisipatif (PAR)
Bidang	Kualitatif	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1990s–2000s	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Pengasas	Dorothy E. Smith (IE); participatory variant developed by Janet Rankin, Marie Campbell, and others in health and social sciences	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Jenis	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method
Sumber perintis	Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105010	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Alias	participatory IE, community-based institutional ethnography, collaborative institutional ethnography	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Berkaitan	6	6
Ringkasan	Participatory Institutional Ethnography (PIE) combines Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography with participatory research principles, positioning community members or service users as co-researchers who investigate how institutional relations, ruling texts, and organizational practices shape and often constrain their everyday lives. The approach aims both to produce knowledge about institutional coordination and to generate actionable change through collaborative inquiry.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.