Bandingkan kaedah

	Kajian Kes Partisipatoris	Kajian Tindakan Partisipatif (PAR)
Bidang	Kualitatif	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1980s–1990s (as an integrated approach)	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Pengasas	Synthesised from Robert K. Yin (case study) and Peter Reason / William Foote Whyte (participatory research)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Jenis	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method
Sumber perintis	Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Alias	collaborative case study, participatory case research, co-constructed case study, PCS	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Berkaitan	5	6
Ringkasan	Participatory Case Study is a qualitative design that embeds participatory principles within a bounded case study framework. Participants are not merely research subjects but active collaborators who co-define the research questions, co-generate data, contribute to analysis, and validate the findings. The approach is appropriate when deep understanding of a specific, bounded context is needed and when the community or group under study has both the capacity and the right to shape the knowledge produced about their own situation.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.