Bandingkan kaedah

	Kajian Tindakan Partisipatif (PAR)	Etnografi
Bidang	Kualitatif	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Pengasas	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Jenis	Qualitative research method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Sumber perintis	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Alias	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Berkaitan	6	5
Ringkasan	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.