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| Penyelidikan Deskriptif Berasaskan Panel× | Penyelidikan Deskriptif× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan | Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1940s–1960s | Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s |
| Pengasas≠ | Developed within survey methodology and social science panel traditions (Lazarsfeld, Kish, and others) | Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger |
| Jenis≠ | Quantitative observational research design | Non-experimental quantitative research design |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922827 | Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101 |
| Alias | descriptive panel study, panel survey descriptive design, repeated cross-sectional descriptive panel, panel descriptive research | descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research |
| Berkaitan≠ | 4 | 3 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Panel-based descriptive research follows the same set of individuals, households, or organizations across multiple time points and uses that repeated-measures structure to describe how variables, distributions, and patterns change over time — without imposing an experimental manipulation or testing causal hypotheses. It is distinguished from cross-sectional descriptive research by its capacity to document intra-individual change, and from explanatory panel research by its goal of accurate description rather than causal modelling. | Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences. |
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