Bandingkan kaedah

	Pembelajaran Bersekutu Dalam Talian	Pembelajaran Pindahan
Bidang	Pembelajaran Mesin	Pembelajaran Mesin
Keluarga	Machine learning	Machine learning
Tahun asal	2019–2021	2010 (formalized); 1990s (early roots)
Pengasas	McMahan, B. et al. (FL foundation); extended to online setting by multiple researchers c. 2019–2021	Pan, S. J. & Yang, Q. (survey); Bengio, Y. (deep learning framing)
Jenis	Distributed sequential learning	Learning paradigm
Sumber perintis	Damaskinos, G., Guerraoui, R., Kermarrec, A.-M., Guirguis, A., Riviere, M., & Tempo, R. (2020). FLEET: Flexible and Efficient Federated Learning for Edge AI. Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems (MLSys).	Pan, S. J., & Yang, Q. (2010). A Survey on Transfer Learning. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 22(10), 1345–1359.
Alias	OFL, federated online learning, streaming federated learning, real-time federated learning	TL, domain adaptation, fine-tuning, pre-trained model adaptation
Berkaitan	5	3
Ringkasan	Online Federated Learning (OFL) combines the privacy-preserving, decentralised structure of federated learning with the sequential, sample-by-sample update regime of online learning. Clients — such as mobile devices or edge sensors — receive a global model, update it on newly arriving local data without sharing raw observations, and contribute compressed updates to a central server that aggregates them in near-real-time.	Transfer learning is a machine learning paradigm in which knowledge gained from training a model on a source task or domain is reused to improve learning on a different but related target task or domain. It is especially powerful when labeled data for the target task is scarce, and it underlies most modern deep learning applications in computer vision, natural language processing, and beyond.