Bandingkan kaedah

	Multipleks Frekuensi Pembawa Ortogonal (OFDM)	Kod Angkasa-Masa Blok Alamouti	Teorem Kapasiti Saluran Shannon	Kod Turbo dengan Penyahkodan Berulang
Bidang	Telekomunikasi	Telekomunikasi	Telekomunikasi	Telekomunikasi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1971	1998	1948	1993
Pengasas	Weinstein and Ebert	Siavash Alamouti	Claude Shannon	Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, and Punya Thitimajshima
Jenis	multicarrier modulation scheme	space-time coding scheme	fundamental theoretical bound	iterative error-correcting code
Sumber perintis	Weinstein, S. B., & Ebert, P. M. (1971). Data transmission by frequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology, 19(5), 628-634.	Alamouti, S. M. (1998). A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16(8), 1451-1458.	Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423.	Berrou, C., Glavieux, A., & Thitimajshima, P. (1993). Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1064-1070.
Alias	multicarrier modulation	space-time coding, transmit diversity	channel capacity, information theory bound	iterative decoding, concatenated codes
Berkaitan	5	5	5	5
Ringkasan	OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique that divides a wideband channel into many narrowband orthogonal subcarriers. Introduced by Weinstein and Ebert in 1971, it exploits the duality between time and frequency domains to efficiently use spectrum while mitigating intersymbol interference in frequency-selective channels. OFDM is now the standard for high-speed wireless systems including WiFi, cellular LTE, and digital broadcasting.	The Alamouti code is an elegant space-time coding scheme that provides full transmit diversity using two antennas and a simple linear receiver. Introduced by Siavash Alamouti in 1998, it requires no channel state information at the transmitter, achieves the same bit-error rate as a single-antenna system with receiver diversity, and uses linear processing for decoding. The Alamouti code has become the de facto standard for transmit diversity in cellular systems and is adopted in LTE, WiFi, and many 5G protocols.	Shannon's channel capacity theorem, published in 1948, establishes the maximum rate at which information can be reliably transmitted over a noisy channel. Expressed as C = B log2(1 + S/N) for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), it is a fundamental bound in information theory and communications engineering. Shannon proved that reliable communication is possible at any rate below capacity, and impossible above it. This theorem underpins the design of all modern communication systems and motivates coding theory, modulation, and signal processing techniques.	Turbo codes, introduced by Berrou, Glavieux, and Thitimajshima in 1993, are a landmark in channel coding history. They achieve performance within 0.5 dB of the Shannon limit—the theoretical boundary for reliable communication—a feat previously thought impossible with practical complexity. Turbo codes use concatenated convolutional codes with an interleaver and iterative decoding via belief propagation. They were adopted in 3G (UMTS) and remain important in 4G/5G systems alongside LDPC codes.