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	Skala Newcastle-Ottawa untuk Penilaian Kualiti Kajian Observasional	Senarai Semak STROBE: Piawaian Pelaporan Kajian Observasional
Bidang	Metodologi Penyelidikan	Metodologi Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	2000	2007
Pengasas	Wells et al. (Ottawa Hospital Research Institute)	Von Elm et al. (STROBE Group)
Jenis	Research team assessment	Study author reporting checklist
Sumber perintis	Wells, G. A., Shea, B., O'Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (2000). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Retrieved from Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.	Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. The Lancet, 370(9596), 1453–1457.
Alias	NOS	STROBE
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) is a widely used tool for assessing the methodological quality of observational studies (case-control and cohort designs) included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Developed by Wells et al. at Ottawa Hospital in 2000, it provides explicit criteria and a star-based scoring system that enables transparent, quantitative comparison of study quality across evidence syntheses.	STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) is a 22-item evidence-based checklist published in 2007 by Von Elm et al. to improve the quality of reporting of cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional observational studies. Like CONSORT for RCTs, STROBE is endorsed by over 300 journals and is widely considered the reporting standard for observational epidemiological research.