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	Skala Newcastle-Ottawa untuk Penilaian Kualiti Kajian Observasional	Profil Bukti GRADE: Menilai Kepastian Bukti dan Kekuatan Rekomendasi
Bidang	Metodologi Penyelidikan	Metodologi Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	2000	2008
Pengasas	Wells et al. (Ottawa Hospital Research Institute)	Guyatt et al. (GRADE Working Group)
Jenis	Research team assessment	Research team / Guideline panel assessment
Sumber perintis	Wells, G. A., Shea, B., O'Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (2000). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Retrieved from Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.	Guyatt, G., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008). GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 336(7650), 924–926.
Alias	NOS	GRADE, GRADE approach
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) is a widely used tool for assessing the methodological quality of observational studies (case-control and cohort designs) included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Developed by Wells et al. at Ottawa Hospital in 2000, it provides explicit criteria and a star-based scoring system that enables transparent, quantitative comparison of study quality across evidence syntheses.	GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) is a systematic, transparent framework for assessing the certainty of evidence and determining the strength of clinical recommendations in healthcare. Published in 2008 by Guyatt et al., GRADE has become the international standard for guideline development, used by the World Health Organization, Cochrane, and most major clinical guideline organizations worldwide.