Bandingkan kaedah

	Ekonometrik Rangkaian (Kesan Rakan Sejawat)	Kaedah Pemboleh Ubah Instrumental (IV) untuk Inferensi Kausal
Bidang	Ekonometrik	Ekonomi Kesihatan
Keluarga	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	2009	1990s (modern applications)
Pengasas	Yann Bramoullé, Habiba Djebbari & Bernard Fortin	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Jenis	Linear-in-means peer effects regression	Method
Sumber perintis	Bramoullé, Y., Djebbari, H., & Fortin, B. (2009). Identification of peer effects through social networks. Journal of Econometrics, 150(1), 41–55.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Alias	Social Interactions Model, Peer Effects Model, Social Network Regression, Ağ Ekonometrisi	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Berkaitan	3	3
Ringkasan	Network econometrics estimates how individuals' outcomes are causally shaped by the behaviour and characteristics of their social-network neighbours. Formalised by Bramoullé, Djebbari, and Fortin (2009), the framework embeds a row-normalised adjacency matrix into a linear regression, separating endogenous peer effects (imitation of outcomes), exogenous contextual effects (influence of neighbours' attributes), and correlated effects (shared environment), while using network topology to construct valid instruments.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.