Bandingkan kaedah

	NDVI	Model SWAT
Bidang	Geofizik	Geofizik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1973	1998
Pengasas	Rouse, Haas, Schell, and Deering	Jeff Arnold and others at USDA-ARS
Jenis	Spectral index for vegetation assessment	Process-based watershed and water quality simulation
Sumber perintis	Rouse, J. W., Haas, R. H., Schell, J. A., & Deering, D. W. (1973). Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite Symposium Proceedings, 1, 309-317.	Arnold, J. G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R. S., & Williams, J. R. (1998). Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: Model development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(1), 73-89.
Alias	NDVI	SWAT
Berkaitan	3	3
Ringkasan	The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a spectral index computed from satellite or aerial multispectral imagery that quantifies vegetation greenness and vigor. Introduced by Rouse and colleagues in 1973 using Landsat data, NDVI has become the most widely used remote sensing metric for vegetation monitoring, drought assessment, crop productivity forecasting, and land cover change detection.	The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a process-based watershed model that simulates the hydrological cycle, sediment transport, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, and land management impacts across a watershed or large basin. Developed by Jeff Arnold and colleagues at USDA-ARS in 1998, SWAT has become a standard tool for evaluating non-point source pollution, assessing climate change impacts on water resources, and designing best management practices.