Bandingkan kaedah

	Penyelidikan Melintang Pelbagai Pemboleh Ubah	Radas Panel
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1970s–1980s (formalized in behavioral sciences literature)	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s
Pengasas	Nesselroade, Baltes, and the developmental/behavioral sciences tradition	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s
Jenis	Quantitative observational research design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design
Sumber perintis	Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B. (Eds.). (1979). Longitudinal Research in the Study of Behavior and Development. Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0125154505	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717
Alias	longitudinal multivariate design, MLR, multivariate panel study, multivariate repeated-measures design	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel
Berkaitan	4	3
Ringkasan	Multivariate longitudinal research is a quantitative observational design that follows the same units — individuals, groups, or organizations — across two or more time points while measuring several outcome and predictor variables simultaneously. By combining the temporal dimension of longitudinal tracking with multivariate statistical analysis, it allows researchers to examine how a system of variables co-evolves, how early measures predict later outcomes across multiple domains, and whether relationships among variables are stable or change over time.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.