Bandingkan kaedah

	Teori Kebolehulangan Pelbagai Aras	Pemodelan Berbilang Aras
Bidang	Psikometrik	Statistik Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1990s–2000s	1992
Pengasas	Brennan, R. L. and Shavelson, R. J. (extensions of Cronbach et al. G-theory to multilevel designs)	Anthony Bryk and Stephen Raudenbush
Jenis	Measurement / variance decomposition	Method
Sumber perintis	Briggs, D. C. & Wilson, M. (2003). An introduction to multidimensional measurement using Rasch models and generalizability theory. Journal of Applied Measurement, 4(1), 1–19.	Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. SAGE Publications.
Alias	multilevel G-theory, ML-GT, hierarchical generalizability theory, multilevel G-study	HLM, mixed-effects models, random effects models, MLM
Berkaitan	4	3
Ringkasan	Multilevel generalizability theory extends classical G-theory to measurement designs where observations are nested within higher-level units — for example, items nested within raters, or students nested within classrooms. It decomposes score variance into components attributable to persons, facets, and their interactions across hierarchical levels, enabling precise estimation of measurement precision in complex, real-world assessment settings.	Multilevel modeling (also called hierarchical linear modeling, mixed-effects modeling) is a statistical framework for analyzing data organized in nested or clustered structures—students within schools, patients within hospitals, repeated measures within individuals. Developed by Bryk and Raudenbush (1992), it accounts for dependency among observations and partitions variance into levels (within-cluster and between-cluster), enabling valid inference and revealing context effects. Essential in education, medicine, organizational research, and any field where data have natural hierarchies.