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	Pembangunan Skala Pelbagai Kumpulan	Analisis Faktor Pengesahan (CFA)
Bidang	Psikometrik	Psikometrik
Keluarga	Latent structure	Latent structure
Tahun asal	1971 (multi-group CFA); 2000 (applied synthesis for scale development)	1969
Pengasas	Jöreskog, K. G. (multi-group SEM framework); systematised for scale development by Vandenberg & Lance (2000)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Jenis	Scale development / measurement model testing	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Sumber perintis	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Alias	MGSD, cross-group scale development, multi-sample scale development, comparative scale construction	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Berkaitan	6	4
Ringkasan	Multi-group scale development constructs and validates a measurement scale simultaneously across two or more distinct populations or groups. The approach integrates standard item generation and factor-analytic procedures with a systematic hierarchy of measurement invariance tests to ensure that the resulting scale measures the same construct in the same way in every target group.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.