Bandingkan kaedah

	Manifesto Coding	Qualitative Comparative Analysis	Wordfish Scaling
Bidang	Political Science	Political Science	Political Science
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Tahun asal	2001	1987	2008
Pengasas	Manifesto Research Group / Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP/MARPOR)	Charles C. Ragin	Jonathan Slapin and Sven-Oliver Proksch
Jenis	Quantitative content analysis of party manifestos	Set-theoretic, configurational comparative method	Unsupervised latent-position model for word-count data
Sumber perintis	Budge, I., Klingemann, H.-D., Volkens, A., Bara, J., & Tanenbaum, E. (2001). Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199244003	Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: 9780520058347	Slapin, J. B., & Proksch, S.-O. (2008). A Scaling Model for Estimating Time-Series Party Positions from Texts. American Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 705–722.
Alias	CMP coding, MARPOR coding, Manifesto content analysis, Party manifesto coding	QCA, csQCA, fsQCA, Configurational comparative method	Wordfish text scaling, Poisson scaling of texts, Unsupervised text scaling, Wordfish position estimation
Berkaitan	4	3	4
Ringkasan	Manifesto coding is the quantitative content-analysis methodology of the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP/MARPOR) for measuring parties' policy preferences from their election manifestos. Trained coders break each manifesto into quasi-sentences and assign every unit to one of a fixed set of policy categories. Counting how often each category appears yields salience measures, and combining pro- and anti- categories produces position scores such as the left–right RILE index, giving comparable estimates of party positions across more than fifty democracies since 1945.	Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a set-theoretic, configurational method that identifies which combinations of conditions are necessary or sufficient for an outcome across a set of cases. Developed by Charles Ragin, it treats each case as a configuration of set memberships, builds a truth table of all logically possible combinations, and uses Boolean algebra to minimize them into the simplest expressions that account for the outcome. It bridges qualitative case knowledge and cross-case generalization, embracing causal complexity through conjunctural causation, equifinality, and asymmetry.	Wordfish scaling is an unsupervised text-as-data method that estimates a single latent position for each political document — a party manifesto, a legislative speech, a press release — directly from its word frequencies, without any reference texts or hand coding. Introduced by Slapin and Proksch in 2008, it models word counts as draws from a Poisson distribution whose rate depends on a document position and word-specific parameters, recovering, for example, a left–right ordering of parties purely from how often each word appears in each text.