Bandingkan kaedah

	Penyelidikan Longitudinal	Radas Panel	Penyelidikan Trend
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s	Mid-20th century (formalised in social science methodology ~1950s–1960s)
Pengasas	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s	Earl Babbie and survey research tradition
Jenis	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design	Quantitative longitudinal research design
Sumber perintis	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101
Alias	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel	trend study, trend survey, longitudinal trend study, time-series survey
Berkaitan	4	3	4
Ringkasan	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.	Trend research is a longitudinal quantitative design that tracks changes in a characteristic of a general population over time by surveying different, independently drawn samples at two or more time points. Unlike panel studies, the same individuals are not followed; rather, each wave draws a fresh sample from the same population, allowing researchers to detect population-level shifts in attitudes, behaviours, or conditions while avoiding the attrition and panel conditioning problems of repeated-measures designs.