Bandingkan kaedah

	Penyelidikan Pengesahan Melintang Masa	Radas Panel
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1970s onward; consolidated in SEM literature from 1990s	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s
Pengasas	Synthesized from longitudinal design traditions (e.g., Baltes & Nesselroade, 1979) and confirmatory analytic frameworks (Joreskog, 1969)	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s
Jenis	Quantitative research design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design
Sumber perintis	Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195152968	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717
Alias	longitudinal confirmatory study, confirmatory longitudinal design, longitudinal hypothesis-testing design, longitudinal CFA design	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel
Berkaitan	5	3
Ringkasan	Longitudinal confirmatory research combines the temporal depth of longitudinal design with the hypothesis-driven logic of confirmatory analysis. The researcher specifies a priori hypotheses or structural models about how variables change or remain stable over time, then tests those predictions against data collected at two or more time points. It is the design of choice when theory is mature enough to make specific predictions about developmental, causal, or stability processes.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.