Bandingkan kaedah

	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan Kohort Longitudional	Penyelidikan Longitudinal	Radas Panel
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1950s–1960s (formalized in epidemiological methodology)	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s
Pengasas	Richard Doll & Austin Bradford Hill (landmark Doctors' Cohort Study, 1951); cohort logic formalized in mid-20th century epidemiology	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s
Jenis	Quantitative observational longitudinal design	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design
Sumber perintis	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195083439	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717
Alias	longitudinal cohort study, prospective cohort study, cohort follow-up study, panel cohort design	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel
Berkaitan	2	4	3
Ringkasan	Longitudinal cohort research is an observational quantitative design that recruits a defined group of individuals sharing a common characteristic (the cohort) and follows them prospectively over time, collecting data at multiple points to examine how outcomes develop, risks accumulate, or relationships change. It is the cornerstone design for studying causation, developmental trajectories, and the natural history of phenomena in epidemiology, social science, and education.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.