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	Anggaran Kepadatan Kernel Lokal	Moran's I Tempatan (LISA)
Bidang	Analisis Reruang	Analisis Reruang
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	1985-1986	1995
Pengasas	Silverman, B. W.; Diggle, P. J.	Luc Anselin
Jenis	Non-parametric density estimator	Local spatial autocorrelation statistic
Sumber perintis	Silverman, B. W. (1986). Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London. ISBN: 978-0412246203	Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115.
Alias	Local KDE, adaptive KDE, spatially adaptive kernel density estimation, local density estimation	Local Indicator of Spatial Association, LISA statistic, Anselin Local Moran, local spatial autocorrelation index
Berkaitan	5	6
Ringkasan	Local Kernel Density Estimation (Local KDE) is a non-parametric spatial method that estimates the density of point events at each location by applying a kernel function with a spatially adaptive bandwidth. Unlike global KDE, which uses a fixed bandwidth across the entire study area, Local KDE adjusts the smoothing window according to local data density, capturing fine-scale clustering where events are sparse or concentrated.	Local Moran's I, introduced by Luc Anselin in 1995, is a Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) that decomposes global spatial autocorrelation into location-specific contributions. For every observation it produces a signed statistic and a significance value, enabling researchers to identify spatial clusters (high-high, low-low) and spatial outliers (high-low, low-high) on a map.