Bandingkan kaedah

	Proses Penyerahan Jurnal: Daripada Penyediaan Manuskrip kepada Penerbitan	Struktur IMRaD: Pendahuluan, Kaedah, Hasil, dan Perbincangan
Bidang	Penulisan Akademik	Penulisan Akademik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1950	1970
Pengasas	Journal editors and publishing community; standards documented by ICMJE and COPE	International scientific publishing community (adopted widely by 1970s)
Jenis	Guideline	Guideline
Sumber perintis	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.
Alias	manuscript submission, journal submission, peer review process	IMRaD, IMRAD, scientific manuscript structure
Berkaitan	4	5
Ringkasan	Submitting a manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal is a multi-stage process: preparation, submission, editorial triage, peer review, revision, and publication. Understanding each stage helps authors avoid common pitfalls and set realistic expectations. Most journals use online submission systems (ScholarOne, Editorial Manager, OJS) that guide authors through the process. From submission to first editorial decision typically takes 30–90 days; acceptance to publication can take another 30–180 days depending on the journal's backlog and production timeline. Journals vary in acceptance rates (Nature ~5%, specialized journals 30–50%) and review times. Knowing the journal's policies and timelines before submitting prevents frustration.	IMRaD is the standard organizational framework for scientific manuscripts in biomedical and natural sciences research. It separates reporting into four sequential sections—Introduction (why the research was conducted), Methods (how it was done), Results (what was found), and Discussion (what the findings mean)—enabling readers to understand, evaluate, and reproduce the work. Adopted as best practice by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) since the 1970s, IMRaD structure is now mandated or strongly recommended by most peer-reviewed journals.