Bandingkan kaedah

	Fenomenologi Interpretif	Etnografi	Grounded Theory	Penyelidikan Naratif
Bidang	Kualitatif	Kualitatif	Penyelidikan Kualitatif	Penyelidikan Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1927 (Heidegger); systematised for human sciences by van Manen in 1990	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967	2000
Pengasas	Martin Heidegger (philosophical foundation); Max van Manen (methodological systematisation)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss	D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly
Jenis	Qualitative interpretive research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method	Method
Sumber perintis	van Manen, M. (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. State University of New York Press. ISBN: 978-0791404645	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.	Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass.
Alias	hermeneutic phenomenology, van Manen phenomenology, Heideggerian phenomenology, interpretive phenomenological inquiry	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach	Narrative Analysis, Narrative Research, Life Story Method
Berkaitan	5	5	3	3
Ringkasan	Interpretive phenomenology is a qualitative research design that investigates the meaning people attribute to their lived experiences by combining phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. Rooted in Heidegger's ontology and systematised for social and human sciences by Max van Manen, it moves beyond description to ask what an experience means within a person's broader lifeworld, cultural context, and situated understanding. The researcher's own interpretive horizon is treated as an analytical resource rather than a bias to eliminate.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.	Narrative inquiry is a qualitative research methodology that treats stories and life narratives as primary data, analyzing how individuals construct meaning and identity through storytelling. Developed by D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly (2000), narrative inquiry examines the narratives people tell about their lives, experiences, and transitions, understanding that people make sense of experience through narrative.