Bandingkan kaedah

	Etnografi Institusional	Penyelidikan Tindakan	Grounded Theory
Bidang	Kualitatif	Penyelidikan Kualitatif	Penyelidikan Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1970s–1987 (developed through the 1970s–80s; consolidated in Smith 1987, 2005)	1946	1967
Pengasas	Dorothy E. Smith	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
Jenis	Qualitative research method	Method	Method
Sumber perintis	Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105010	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Alias	IE, sociology for people, institutional ethnographic inquiry, Smith's institutional ethnography	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	GT, Grounded Theory Approach
Berkaitan	6	1	3
Ringkasan	Institutional Ethnography (IE) is a qualitative research method developed by Canadian sociologist Dorothy E. Smith that investigates how people's everyday lives are shaped and coordinated by institutional texts, rules, and relations of power. Starting from the lived experience of individuals in a particular standpoint, IE traces the social organization that governs their work and troubles — revealing how macro-level institutions operate through the micro-level activities of real people.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.