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| Struktur IMRaD: Pendahuluan, Kaedah, Hasil, dan Perbincangan× | Panduan Gaya APA: Petikan Dalam Teks dan Format Rujukan× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Penulisan Akademik | Penulisan Akademik |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1970 | 1957 |
| Pengasas≠ | International scientific publishing community (adopted widely by 1970s) | American Psychological Association (founded 1892) |
| Jenis≠ | Guideline | Standard |
| Sumber perintis≠ | International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. link ↗ | American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3216-1 |
| Alias | IMRaD, IMRAD, scientific manuscript structure | APA 7th edition, APA citation, author-date citation |
| Berkaitan≠ | 5 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | IMRaD is the standard organizational framework for scientific manuscripts in biomedical and natural sciences research. It separates reporting into four sequential sections—Introduction (why the research was conducted), Methods (how it was done), Results (what was found), and Discussion (what the findings mean)—enabling readers to understand, evaluate, and reproduce the work. Adopted as best practice by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) since the 1970s, IMRaD structure is now mandated or strongly recommended by most peer-reviewed journals. | APA (American Psychological Association) Style is a citation and formatting standard widely used in psychology, education, social sciences, and increasingly in health sciences. APA uses author-date in-text citations (e.g., Smith, 2021) linked to a reference list at the end of the manuscript. The 7th edition (2020) is the current standard and requires DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for all works that have one. APA style covers not only citations but also manuscript formatting (margins, spacing, headings, figure captions), promoting consistency and clarity across scholarly communication. |
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