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| Struktur IMRaD: Pendahuluan, Kaedah, Hasil, dan Perbincangan× | Abstrak Penulisan: Mengarang Abstrak Akademik yang Berkesan× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Penulisan Akademik | Penulisan Akademik |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1970 | 1950 |
| Pengasas≠ | International scientific publishing community (adopted widely by 1970s) | Scientific publishing community; formalized by ICMJE and indexing services (MEDLINE, Web of Science) |
| Jenis | Guideline | Guideline |
| Sumber perintis | International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. link ↗ | International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. link ↗ |
| Alias | IMRaD, IMRAD, scientific manuscript structure | abstract, structured abstract, unstructured abstract |
| Berkaitan≠ | 5 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | IMRaD is the standard organizational framework for scientific manuscripts in biomedical and natural sciences research. It separates reporting into four sequential sections—Introduction (why the research was conducted), Methods (how it was done), Results (what was found), and Discussion (what the findings mean)—enabling readers to understand, evaluate, and reproduce the work. Adopted as best practice by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) since the 1970s, IMRaD structure is now mandated or strongly recommended by most peer-reviewed journals. | An abstract is a self-contained, concise summary of a research article that enables readers to quickly understand the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions without reading the full paper. Abstracts are the primary gateway to published literature: they appear in journal issues, bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus), and search engine results. Well-written abstracts increase citation rates and visibility; poorly written ones obscure important research. The ICMJE and major journals mandate abstracts for original research, with structured formats (Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions) becoming increasingly standard. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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