Bandingkan kaedah

	Kriteria Penulis ICMJE	Penerbitan Pendua dan Pengirisan Salami
Bidang	Etika Penerbitan	Etika Penerbitan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1978	1997
Pengasas	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)	Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
Jenis	Standard	Standard
Sumber perintis	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines. Flowcharts and Advice on Publication Ethics. COPE.
Alias	ICMJE Authorship, Authorship Guidelines	Redundant Publication, Overlapping Publication, Fragmented Research
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) established the most widely adopted authorship standard in biomedical research in 1978. These criteria define who qualifies as an author and distinguish authors from contributors, establishing accountability and preventing disputes over publication credit. Used by over 10,000 journals globally, ICMJE authorship criteria form the foundation of authorship practices in medical, life science, and health-related research.	Duplicate publication occurs when the same research data are published more than once without acknowledgment or justification, presenting the same or substantially similar results as previously published work. Salami slicing is the related practice of dividing the results of a single study into the smallest possible publishable units and submitting them as separate papers to multiply publication counts. Both practices artificially inflate research output, mislead readers, and violate ethical standards upheld by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and research integrity organizations worldwide.