Bandingkan kaedah

	Survei Hidrogeologi	Pemetaan Geologi	Korelasi Stratigrafi
Bidang	Geosains	Geosains	Geosains
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1856	1799	1901
Pengasas	Darcy and Theis	William Smith	Albrecht Penck and Eduard Brückner
Jenis	groundwater systems analysis pipeline	regional geological documentation pipeline	stratigraphic analysis pipeline
Sumber perintis	Fetter, C. W. (2018). Applied Hydrogeology (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.	Compton, R. R. (1962). Manual of Field Geology. John Wiley & Sons.	Catuneanu, O. (2002). Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Systems. Geological Association of Canada.
Alias	groundwater assessment, hydrogeologic characterization, aquifer mapping	field mapping, geological surveying, lithostratigraphic mapping	lithostratigraphic correlation, chronostratigraphic correlation, sequence correlation
Berkaitan	3	4	5
Ringkasan	Hydrogeological survey is the systematic characterization of groundwater systems, including aquifer geometry, water quality, flow paths, and recharge-discharge dynamics. Rooted in Darcy's law (1856) and quantified by Theis (1935), this method is essential for water resource management, contaminant remediation, and hazard assessment. Modern surveys integrate geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and numerical modeling to understand complex subsurface flow systems.	Geologic mapping is the systematic observation and documentation of rock types, structures, and relationships exposed on the land surface. Pioneered by William Smith in 1799, this foundational field method remains essential for understanding subsurface geology, economic geology, hazard assessment, and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Modern mapping integrates field observations with satellite imagery, digital logs, and GIS technology to create comprehensive three-dimensional geological frameworks.	Stratigraphic correlation is the practice of identifying equivalent rock layers or chronostratigraphic units across space by tracing physical or chemical signatures. Rooted in 19th-century work on Alpine glacial sequences, this method was formalized in the 20th century by geologists like Vail who unified global sea-level change with depositional sequences. Correlation is foundational to basin-scale understanding of sediment transport, resource distribution, and paleoenvironmental change.