Bandingkan kaedah

	HRAF Cross-Cultural Analysis	Bilangan Spesimen yang Dikenal Pasti
Bidang	Arkeologi	Arkeologi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1967	1971
Pengasas	George Murdock	R. E. Chaplin
Jenis	Ethnographic comparison	Faunal quantification method
Sumber perintis	Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press.	Chaplin, R. E. (1971). The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press.
Alias	cross-cultural comparison, comparative ethnography	NISP method, specimen count
Berkaitan	2	4
Ringkasan	HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information coded for comparative analysis. HRAF provides a framework for systematic cross-cultural comparison, helping archaeologists interpret prehistoric patterns through ethnographic analogy.	Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and widely used quantification metric in zooarchaeology. Despite its simplicity, NISP is sensitive to both cultural and taphonomic factors that affect preservation, fragmentation, and identification of bone assemblages.