Bandingkan kaedah

	Pencirian Logam Berat	Ujian Ekotoksikologi
Bidang	Kejuruteraan Alam Sekitar	Kejuruteraan Alam Sekitar
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1979	1975
Pengasas	Tessier and hydrogeochemists	EPA and OECD
Jenis	analytical and geochemical modeling pipeline	experimental measurement and analysis pipeline
Sumber perintis	Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844–851.	OECD. (2011). Test Guidelines for Chemicals. OECD Publishing.
Alias	metal speciation, metal partitioning, bioavailability assessment, speciation analysis	toxicity testing, aquatic bioassay, ecotoxicity assessment, organism exposure testing
Berkaitan	3	3
Ringkasan	Heavy metal speciation is the analytical and geochemical determination of the chemical forms (species) and partitioning of toxic metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, copper) in soil, sediment, and water. Metal bioavailability—the fraction accessible to organisms—depends critically on speciation: metal bound to soil organic matter or iron oxides is immobile and non-bioavailable; dissolved or exchangeable metal is highly bioavailable and toxic. Speciation assessment informs remediation design, risk assessment, and contaminant fate prediction.	Ecotoxicological testing is a suite of standardized laboratory and field methods to assess the toxicity of chemical substances to aquatic and terrestrial organisms (fish, invertebrates, algae, plants, soil fauna). Developed by regulatory agencies (OECD, EPA, EMEA) since the 1970s, these tests measure lethal concentration (LC50, EC50) and sublethal endpoints (growth, reproduction, behavior) under controlled conditions. Ecotoxicological data support chemical hazard classification, environmental risk assessment, and regulatory approval of new substances.