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| Kaedah Hardy Cross× | Pemodelan Air Tanah MODFLOW× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Kejuruteraan Awam | Kejuruteraan Awam |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1936 | 1984 (original release); continuously updated through MODFLOW-6 (2017) |
| Pengasas≠ | Hardy Cross | Michael G. McDonald and Arlen W. Harbaugh (U.S. Geological Survey) |
| Jenis≠ | Iterative method for pipe network flow distribution | Numerical groundwater flow simulation |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Cross, H. (1936). Analysis of flow in networks of conduits or conductors. University of Illinois Bulletin, 34(17), 3-29. link ↗ | Harbaugh, A. W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model — the Ground-Water Flow Process. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16. link ↗ |
| Alias≠ | Cross method, Moment distribution method, Iterative balancing | MODFLOW-2005, MODFLOW-6, modular groundwater flow model, USGS groundwater model |
| Berkaitan≠ | 3 | 0 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Hardy Cross method is an iterative technique for solving steady-state flow distribution in pipe networks, originally developed for water distribution systems. Introduced by Hardy Cross in 1936, this method balances flow continuity and pressure head constraints through successive iterations, making it ideal for hand calculations and gaining physical insight into network behavior. | MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey's open-source, modular finite-difference model for simulating three-dimensional groundwater flow through porous media. First released in 1984 and continuously updated — most recently as MODFLOW-6 — it is the global standard for quantitative hydrogeological analysis, widely used in civil engineering, environmental consulting, water-resource management, and groundwater contamination studies. |
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