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| Model Respons Bertingkat (GRM)× | Model Logistik IRT Dua Parameter (2PL)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikometrik | Psikometrik |
| Keluarga | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1969 | 1980 |
| Pengasas≠ | Fumiko Samejima | Frederic M. Lord |
| Jenis≠ | Item response theory / polytomous IRT model | Item response model / latent trait model |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of Latent Ability Using a Response Pattern of Graded Scores. Psychometrika Monograph Supplement, No. 17. link ↗ | Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Erlbaum. link ↗ |
| Alias | Samejima's GRM, Derecelendirilmiş Tepki Modeli (GRM), graded IRT model | two-parameter logistic model, 2PL model, 2PL IRT — İki Parametreli Madde Tepki Modeli |
| Berkaitan≠ | 7 | 6 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Graded Response Model is an item response theory model developed by Fumiko Samejima in 1969 for ordered polytomous items such as Likert-type scales. It estimates both the discriminating power of each item and a set of threshold parameters marking the boundaries between adjacent response categories, while simultaneously placing persons on a continuous latent trait scale. | The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty parameter, 2PL allows items to differ in how sharply they distinguish high- from low-ability respondents — making it the standard model for large-scale educational and psychological assessments. |
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