Bandingkan kaedah

	Morfometrik Geometri	Bilangan Spesimen yang Dikenal Pasti
Bidang	Arkeologi	Arkeologi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1991	1971
Pengasas	Fred Bookstein	R. E. Chaplin
Jenis	Shape and form analysis	Faunal quantification method
Sumber perintis	Bookstein, F. L. (1991). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press.	Chaplin, R. E. (1971). The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press.
Alias	shape analysis, morphometric analysis	NISP method, specimen count
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	Geometric morphometrics is a quantitative analytical method that captures, analyzes, and compares the shapes of biological structures (bones, teeth, pottery) using coordinate data from landmarks and outlines. Developed by Fred Bookstein in the 1990s, GMM provides a rigorous statistical framework for studying shape variation across populations or time periods. The method allows archaeologists to quantify morphological differences between individuals, populations, or artifact classes with precision impossible using traditional linear measurements.	Number of identified specimens (NISP) is a fundamental zooarchaeological method that quantifies the abundance of faunal remains by counting all identifiable bone fragments or specimens in an assemblage. Formalized by R. E. Chaplin and later refined by Donald Grayson and others, NISP is the most straightforward and widely used quantification metric in zooarchaeology. Despite its simplicity, NISP is sensitive to both cultural and taphonomic factors that affect preservation, fragmentation, and identification of bone assemblages.