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| Prakiraan Perbezaan Pertama× | Perbezaan-dalam-Perbezaan (Diff-in-Diff)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Ekonometrik | Ekonometrik |
| Keluarga | Regression model | Regression model |
| Tahun asal≠ | 2010 | 1994 |
| Pengasas≠ | Jeffrey Wooldridge (treatment) | Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment) |
| Jenis≠ | Panel data estimator | Causal inference / panel regression |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-23258-8 | Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355 |
| Alias≠ | FD Estimator, First-Difference Panel Estimator, First-Difference OLS, Birinci Fark Tahmincisi | diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff) |
| Berkaitan≠ | 2 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The First-Difference (FD) estimator is a panel data method that eliminates unobserved, time-invariant individual heterogeneity by subtracting each unit's observation in period t-1 from its observation in period t. By operating on changes rather than levels, FD removes any fixed individual effect that would otherwise confound causal inference. It is widely used in labor economics, program evaluation, and applied microeconomics whenever researchers suspect persistent unobserved differences across individuals, firms, or countries. | Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes. |
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