Bandingkan kaedah

	Catatan Lapangan	Penyelidikan Kajian Kes	Pemerhatian Bukan-Peserta
Bidang	Metodologi Tinjauan	Kualitatif	Metodologi Tinjauan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1984 (seminal codification)	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys
Pengasas	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology
Jenis	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Qualitative research design	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection
Sumber perintis	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
Alias	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation
Berkaitan	6	5	5
Ringkasan	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.