Bandingkan kaedah

	Etnografi Berasaskan Lapangan	Penyelidikan Kajian Kes	Etnografi Digital	Etnografi Longitudinal
Bidang	Kualitatif	Kualitatif	Kualitatif	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	Early 20th century (Malinowski 1922; Geertz 1973)	1984 (seminal codification)	Late 1990s – 2000s	1920s (classical origins); refined 1990s–2000s
Pengasas	Bronislaw Malinowski; Clifford Geertz (interpretive tradition)	Robert K. Yin (systematised in Case Study Research, 1984)	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)	Rooted in classical anthropological fieldwork (Malinowski, 1922); systematised for sociological revisits by Michael Burawoy (2003)
Jenis	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research design
Sumber perintis	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465097197	Yin, R.K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Burawoy, M. (2003). Revisits: An outline of a theory of reflexive ethnography. American Sociological Review, 68(5), 645–679.
Alias	fieldwork ethnography, immersive ethnography, ethnographic fieldwork, site-based ethnography	Vaka Çalışması (Case Study), case study design, case study methodology	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography	extended ethnography, long-term fieldwork, sustained ethnographic study, longitudinal field research
Berkaitan	6	5	6	5
Ringkasan	Field-based ethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher immerses themselves in a social setting or community over an extended period, observing and participating in everyday life to understand cultural practices, meanings, and social dynamics from an insider perspective. It is the classical form of ethnography, grounded in sustained physical presence at a research site, and distinguished from archival, virtual, or document-only approaches by its central reliance on direct, embodied fieldwork.	Case study research is a qualitative research design that investigates a specific phenomenon, individual, group, organisation, or event in depth within its real-world context. Systematised by Robert K. Yin in 1984, it supports single-case and multiple-case designs and draws on multiple data sources — interviews, observation, documents, and artefacts — to build a rich, contextualised account of a bounded unit.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.	Longitudinal ethnography is a qualitative research design in which a researcher conducts sustained, repeated fieldwork with the same community, organisation, or group across an extended period — months to decades. By returning to the field at multiple time points, the researcher captures how social processes, meanings, and structures evolve, making it the only qualitative method capable of directly observing change and continuity in lived experience.