Bandingkan kaedah

	Expert Survey	Manifesto Coding
Bidang	Political Science	Political Science
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	—	2001
Pengasas	Comparative party-positioning research (Castles & Mair; Chapel Hill team)	Manifesto Research Group / Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP/MARPOR)
Jenis	Survey of subject-matter experts to measure latent positions	Quantitative content analysis of party manifestos
Sumber perintis	Bakker, R., de Vries, C., Edwards, E., Hooghe, L., Jolly, S., Marks, G., Polk, J., Rovny, J., Steenbergen, M., & Vachudova, M. A. (2015). Measuring Party Positions in Europe: The Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999–2010. Party Politics, 21(1), 143–152.	Budge, I., Klingemann, H.-D., Volkens, A., Bara, J., & Tanenbaum, E. (2001). Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199244003
Alias	Expert judgment survey, Party expert survey, Chapel Hill Expert Survey, Expert placement survey	CMP coding, MARPOR coding, Manifesto content analysis, Party manifesto coding
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	An expert survey measures latent political quantities — most often parties' positions on policy dimensions — by asking a panel of country and subject-matter experts to place the objects of interest on structured numerical scales. Averaging many experts' judgments yields position estimates, while the spread across experts provides a built-in measure of uncertainty and reliability. The Chapel Hill Expert Survey is the leading example, producing comparable measures of European parties' positions on ideology, European integration, and many specific issues over time.	Manifesto coding is the quantitative content-analysis methodology of the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP/MARPOR) for measuring parties' policy preferences from their election manifestos. Trained coders break each manifesto into quasi-sentences and assign every unit to one of a fixed set of policy categories. Counting how often each category appears yields salience measures, and combining pro- and anti- categories produces position scores such as the left–right RILE index, giving comparable estimates of party positions across more than fifty democracies since 1945.