Bandingkan kaedah

	Reka Bentuk Ex Post Facto	Penyelidikan Longitudinal
Bidang	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan	Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1960s (systematic codification); concept used in social science from early 20th century	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century
Pengasas	Formalized by Fred N. Kerlinger; foundational treatment by Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
Jenis	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design
Sumber perintis	Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841
Alias	after-the-fact research, retrospective non-experimental design, causal-comparative design, EPF design	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study
Berkaitan	3	4
Ringkasan	Ex post facto design is a non-experimental quantitative research approach in which the researcher investigates a phenomenon after it has already occurred, examining pre-existing differences between groups to explore potential causal or associative relationships. Because the independent variable cannot be manipulated — it happened in the past — the design relies on careful group selection, retrospective data collection, and statistical controls to approximate causal inference without experimental intervention.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.