Bandingkan kaedah

	Penyelidikan Etnografi	Penyelidikan kajian kes	Pemerhatian Peserta
Bidang	Penyelidikan Kualitatif	Penyelidikan Kualitatif	Penyelidikan Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1920s–1970s	1984 (Yin); 1995 (Stake)	1922
Pengasas	Anthropology (Malinowski, Boas); applied in health and sociology (Geertz)	Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake; Sharan Merriam	Bronislaw Malinowski
Jenis	Method	Method	Method
Sumber perintis	Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.	Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications.	Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0465026432
Alias	Ethnography, Participatory Observation, Field Research	Case Study, Single Case Study, Multiple Case Study	ethnographic observation, participatory observation, overt observation, immersive observation
Berkaitan	4	4	4
Ringkasan	Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures. Grounded in anthropology and refined for health, organizational, and social research, ethnography produces 'thick description' (Geertz 1973) that reveals the meaning and context underlying observable behavior.	Case study research is an intensive, contextual investigation of a single case (or small number of cases) to explore a phenomenon in depth. Developed systematically by Robert K. Yin (1984) and Robert E. Stake (1995), case study research employs multiple data sources (interviews, observation, documents, artifacts) to produce a holistic understanding of a bounded phenomenon within its real-world context.	Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher embeds themselves within a community, organization, or social setting for an extended period, engaging in the activities and relationships of the group while systematically observing and documenting behavior, interactions, and cultural meaning. Pioneered by Malinowski in the 1920s and developed in anthropology, the method has been adopted across sociology, education, health sciences, and organizational research. The researcher functions as both insider (participating in group activities) and outsider (maintaining analytical distance), generating thick description—rich accounts of context, behavior, and meaning that reveal how people actually live and interact.