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| Penyelidikan Etnografi× | Penyelidikan Tindakan× | Penyelidikan kajian kes× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Penyelidikan Kualitatif | Penyelidikan Kualitatif | Penyelidikan Kualitatif |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1920s–1970s | 1946 | 1984 (Yin); 1995 (Stake) |
| Pengasas≠ | Anthropology (Malinowski, Boas); applied in health and sociology (Geertz) | Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury | Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake; Sharan Merriam |
| Jenis | Method | Method | Method |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books. link ↗ | Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46. DOI ↗ | Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. link ↗ |
| Alias | Ethnography, Participatory Observation, Field Research | Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry | Case Study, Single Case Study, Multiple Case Study |
| Berkaitan≠ | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures. Grounded in anthropology and refined for health, organizational, and social research, ethnography produces 'thick description' (Geertz 1973) that reveals the meaning and context underlying observable behavior. | Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement. | Case study research is an intensive, contextual investigation of a single case (or small number of cases) to explore a phenomenon in depth. Developed systematically by Robert K. Yin (1984) and Robert E. Stake (1995), case study research employs multiple data sources (interviews, observation, documents, artifacts) to produce a holistic understanding of a bounded phenomenon within its real-world context. |
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