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| Ethnocentrism Scale× | Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Politik | Psikologi Politik |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 2001 | 2002 |
| Pengasas≠ | James W. Neuliep & James C. McCroskey | P. J. Henry & David O. Sears |
| Jenis | Self-report attitude scale | Self-report attitude scale |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Neuliep, J. W. (2002). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31(4), 201-215. link ↗ | Henry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2002). The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale. Political Psychology, 23(2), 253-283. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | GENE Scale, Ethnocentrism Scale, Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale | SR2K, Symbolic Racism Scale, Racial Resentment Scale, Modern Racism Scale |
| Berkaitan | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale, developed by Neuliep and McCroskey, is a self-report instrument measuring ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own group as the center of the social universe and to judge other groups by its standards, with corresponding ingroup preference and outgroup derogation. In political science, the ethnocentrism construct was given prominence by Kinder and Kam's (2009) Us Against Them, which uses survey-based ethnocentrism measures to explain American policy opinion. | The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale (SR2K), developed by Henry and Sears (2002), is an 8-item self-report measure of symbolic racism, a contemporary, subtle form of anti-Black prejudice that blends early-learned negative affect toward a group with traditional moral values such as individualism and the work ethic. It descends from the symbolic-racism construct introduced by Kinder and Sears (1981) and is closely related to the racial-resentment battery used in the American National Election Studies. |
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