Bandingkan kaedah

	Alat Ukur Identiti Etnik Multigrup	Skala Rasisme dan Pengalaman Hidup
Bidang	Kejururawatan Transbudaya	Kejururawatan Transbudaya
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1992	2000
Pengasas	Phinney, J. S.	Harrell, S. P.
Jenis	Self-report	Self-report
Sumber perintis	Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156–176.	Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57.
Alias	MEIM, MEIM-R	RaLES
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) is a self-report instrument designed to assess ethnic identity development among adolescents and young adults from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Originally developed by Phinney in 1992, the MEIM measures two primary dimensions: ethnic identity search (active exploration of one's ethnicity) and affirmation-belonging-commitment (positive feelings and sense of belonging to one's ethnic group). The instrument is widely used in developmental, clinical, and health research to evaluate ethnic identity formation, its relationship to psychological well-being, and health outcomes across diverse populations.	The Racism and Life Experiences Scales (RaLES) are a multidimensional assessment designed to measure the frequency and intensity of racism-related stress experienced by people of color. Developed by Harrell in 2000, the RaLES operationalize racism not as a single phenomenon but as a constellation of stressors across multiple life domains—individual encounters, collective experiences, institutional discrimination, and historical trauma. The instrument is used in health research to evaluate the psychosocial burden of racism and to understand mechanisms linking discrimination to mental and physical health disparities.